Myoglobin

Myoglobin
Model of helical domains in myoglobin.Takano, T. "Structure of myoglobin refined at 2-0 A resolution. II. Structure of deoxymyoglobin from sperm whale". J. Mol. Biol. 110: 569-584.
Available structures: 1m6c, 1m6m, 1mdn, 1mnh, 1mni, 1mnj, 1mnk, 1mno, 1mwc, 1mwd, 1myg, 1myh, 1myi, 1myj, 1pmb, 1yca, 1ycb, 2mm1
Identifiers
Symbol(s)	MB; MGC13548; PVALB
External IDs	OMIM: 160000 MGI: 96922 Homologene: 3916
Gene Ontology Molecular Function: • oxygen transporter activity • iron ion binding • oxygen binding • heme binding • metal ion binding Biological Process: • response to hypoxia • transport • oxygen transport • enucleate erythrocyte differentiation
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
	Human	Mouse
Entrez	4151	17189
Ensembl	ENSG00000198125	ENSMUSG00000018893
Uniprot	P02144	Q3UVB1
Refseq	NM_005368 (mRNA) NP_005359 (protein)	NM_013593 (mRNA) NP_038621 (protein)
Location	Chr 22: 34.33 - 34.35 Mb	Chr 15: 76.84 - 76.88 Mb
Pubmed search	[1]	[2]

Myoglobin is a single-chain globular protein of 153 amino acids, containing a heme (iron-containing porphyrin) prosthetic group in the center around which the remaining apoprotein folds. It has a molecular weight of 16,700 daltons, and is the primary oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle tissues.George A. Ordway and Daniel J. Garry (2004). "Myoglobin: an essential hemoprotein in striated muscle". Journal of Experimental Biology 207: pages 3441–3446. doi:10.1242/jeb.01172.  Unlike the blood-borne hemoglobin, to which it is structurally related,Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, Lawrence S. Zipursky, Paul Matsudaira, David Baltimore and James Darnell (2000). "Evolutionary tree showing the globin protein family members myoglobin and hemoglobin", Molecular Cell Biology, Fourth Edition, W. H. FREEMAN. ISBN 0-7167-3136-3.  this protein does not exhibit cooperative binding of oxygen, since positive cooperativity is a property of multimeric/oligomeric proteins only. Instead, the binding of oxygen by myoglobin is unaffected by the oxygen pressure in the surrounding tissue. Myoglobin is often cited as having an "instant binding tenacity" to oxygen given its hyperbolic oxygen dissociation curve. High concentrations of myoglobin in muscle cells allow organisms to hold their breaths longer. In 1958, John Kendrew and associates successfully determined the structure of myoglobin by high-resolution X-ray crystallography.JC Kendrew, G Bodo, HM Dintzis, RG Parrish, H Wyckoff, and DC Phillips (1958). "A Three-Dimensional Model of the Myoglobin Molecule Obtained by X-Ray Analysis". Nature 181 (4610): pages 662-666. doi:10.1038/181662a0 PMID 13517261.  For this discovery, John Kendrew shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in chemistry with Max Perutz.The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962 The human version of this gene is MB.

Meat color

An X-ray diffraction image for the protein myoglobin.

Myoglobin forms pigments responsible for making meat red. The color that meat takes is partly determined by the charge of the iron atom in myoglobin and the oxygen attached to it. When meat is in its raw state, the iron atom has a charge of +2 and is bound to O₂, an oxygen molecule. Meat cooked well done is brown because the iron atom has a charge of +3, having lost an electron, and is now bound to a water molecule (H₂O). Under some conditions, meat can also remain pink all through cooking, despite being heated to high temperatures. If meat has been exposed to nitrites, it will remain pink because the iron atom is bound to NO, nitric oxide (true of, e.g., corned beef or cured hams). Grilled meats can also take on a pink "smoke ring" that comes from the iron binding a molecule of carbon monoxide.McGee, H: "On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, page 148. Scribner: New York, 2004. ISBN 0-684-80001-2 Raw meat packed in a carbon monoxide atmosphere also shows this same pink "smoke ring" due to the same molecular process. Notably, the surface of the raw meat also displays the pink color, which is usually associated in consumers\' minds with fresh meat. This artificially-induced pink color can persist in the meat for a very long time, reportedly up to one year. Minneapolis Star Tribune, Nov. 14, 2007 http://www.startribune.com/10223/story/1548852.html Hormel and Cargill are both reported to use this meat-packing process, and meat treated this way has been in the consumer market since 2003. Minneapolis Star Tribune, October 31, 2007 http://www.startribune.com/535/story/1518775.html Myoglobin is found in Type I muscle, Type II A and Type II B, but most texts consider myoglobin not to be found in smooth muscle.

Role in disease

Myoglobin is released from damaged muscle tissue (rhabdomyolysis), which has very high concentrations of myoglobin. The released myoglobin is filtered by the kidneys but is toxic to the renal tubular epithelium and so may cause acute renal failure.Toshio Naka, Daryl Jones, Ian Baldwin, Nigel Fealy, Samantha Bates, Hermann Goehl, Stanislao Morgera, Hans H. Neumayer and Rinaldo Bellomo (2005). "Myoglobin clearance by super high-flux hemofiltration in a case of severe rhabdomyolysis: a case report". Critical Care 9: pages R90–R95. doi:10.1186/cc3034. 

Myoglobin is a sensitive marker for muscle injury, making it a potential marker for heart attack in patients with chest pain.M. Weber, M. Rau, K. Madlener, A. Elsaesser, D. Bankovic, V. Mitrovic and C. Hamm (2005). "Diagnostic utility of new immunoassays for the cardiac markers cTnI, myoglobin and CK-MB mass". Clinical Biochemistry 38: pages 1027–1030. Entrez PubMed 16125162.  CK-MB and TnT is used in combination with ECG, and the clinical signs to diagnose AMI

Structure and bonding

Myoglobin contains a porphyrin ring with an iron center. There is a proximal histidine group attached directly to the iron center, and a distal histidine group on the opposite face, not bonded to the iron.

Many functional models of myoglobin have been studied. One of the most important is that of picket fence porphyrin by James Collman. This model was used to show the importance of the distal prosthetic group. It serves three functions:

1. to form hydrogen bonds with the dioxygen moiety, increasing the O₂ binding constant
2. to prevent the binding of carbon monoxide, whether from within or without the body. Carbon monoxide binds to iron in an end-on fashion, and is hindered by the presence of the distal histidine, which forces it into a bent conformation. CO binds to heme 23,000 times better than O₂, but only 200 times better in hemoglobin and myoglobin. Oxygen binds in a bent fashion, which can fit with the distal histidine.J. P. Collman, J. I. Brauman, T. R. Halbert, and K. S. Suslick (1976). "Nature of Oxygen and Carbon Monoxide Binding to Metalloporphyrins and Heme Proteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 73 (10): 3333-3337. 
3. to prevent irreversible dimerization of the oxymyoglobin with another deoxymyoglobin species

See also

• Hemoglobin
• Neuroglobin
• Cytoglobin
• Hemoprotein

References

Further reading

• J. P. Collman, R. Boulatov, C. J. Sunderland and L. Fu (2004). "Functional Analogues of Cytochrome c Oxidase, Myoglobin, and Hemoglobin". Chem. Rev. 104 (2): 561-588. doi:10.1021/cr0206059. 
• Reeder, BJ; Svistunenko DA, Cooper CE, Wilson MT (Dec 2004). "The radical and redox chemistry of myoglobin and hemoglobin: from in vitro studies to human pathology". Antioxid Redox Signal 6 (6): 954-66. PMID 15548893. 
• Schlieper, G; Kim JH, Molojavyi A, Jacoby C, Laussmann T, Flogel U, Godecke A, Schrader J (Apr 2004). "Adaptation of the myoglobin knockout mouse to hypoxic stress". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286 (4): R786-92. PMID 14656764. 
• Takano, T. "Structure of myoglobin refined at 2-0 A resolution. II. Structure of deoxymyoglobin from sperm whale". J. Mol. Biol. 110: 569-584. 
• Roy, A; Sen S, Chakraborti AS (Feb 2004). "In vitro nonenzymatic glycation enhances the role of myoglobin as a source of oxidative stress". Free Radic Res. 38 (2): 139-46. PMID 15104207. 
• Stewart, JM; Blakely JA, Karpowicz PA, Kalanxhi E, Thatcher BJ, Martin BM (Mar 2004). "Unusually weak oxygen binding, physical properties, partial sequence, autoxidation rate and a potential phosphorylation site of beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) myoglobin". Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 137 (3): 401-12. PMID 15050527. 
• Wu, G; Wainwright LM, Poole RK (2003). "Microbial globins". Adv Microb Physiol 47: 255-310. PMID 14560666. 

External links

• The Myoglobin Protein
• Protein Database featured molecule
• Online \'Mendelian Inheritance in Man\' (OMIM) 160000 human genetics
• Which Cut Is Older? (It\'s a Trick Question) New York Times, February 21, 2006 article regarding meat industry use of carbon dioxide to keep meat looking red.
• Stores React to Meat Reports New York Times, March 1, 2006 article on the use of carbon monoxide to make meat appear fresh.

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